The Synagogue, a street, a Miqwe
(see below) and a number of buildings are visible on the site.
Some remains of the earlier Second Temple period settlement can also be
identified.
Excavations at the site
In 1965, 300 meters northeast of Tel Goren, remains of a
mosaic floor were discovered accidentally.
The site was excavated between 1970-1972 by Profs. D. Barag and E. Netzer
of the Hebrew University and Dr. Y. Porath of the department of
Antiquities (today the Israel Antiquities Authority).
Additional excavations were carried out in 1992 by G. Hadas on behalf of
the Israel Antiquities Authority, and between 1995-1997 by Dr. Y.
Hirschfeld on behalf of the Hebrew University.
The Israel Antiquities Authority Conservation Dept.
preserved and restored the mosaics and the site during the years 1991 to
1996.
Historic and archaeological background
The ancient Jewish settlement with its synagogue existed
in the Third-Sixth centuries C.E. (Late Roman and Byzantine periods; also
known as the Period of the Mishna and the Talmud).
Below these evidence was found of an earlier Second
Temple period Jewish settlement which appears to have covered a large area
than the later Jewish settlement.
Eusebius, an early Forth century father of the Christian
Church, wrote of a "very large village of Jews" at Ein Gedi.
Early manuscripts tell of Ein Gedi's inhabitants who grew date palms and
persimmons.
The persimmon bush (Ommiphora opobalsamum) yielded a substance from which
a valuable perfume could be extracted.
Agricultural terraces and irrigation systems west of the settlement attest
to Ein Gedi's agricultural past.
The synagogue was completely excavated; nearby streets
and buildings were partially uncovered.
Buildings near the synagogue may have belonged to Synagogue officials, or
served as study halls and inn.
The synagogue, a trapezoid shaped building constructed
in the Third century C.E and paved with black and with mosaic floor,
contained a moveable Torah Ark.
The north wall, with its two entries, faced Jerusalem.
The synagogue was renovated and its mosaic floor
repaired at the beginning of the Forth century.
The central entry in the north was closed and converted into a nice for
the Torah scroll.
Columns were added in the prayer hall dividing it into a prayer hall and
two aisles on the east and south.
Three stepped rows of benches were built along the south wall.
The synagogue that we see today was built in the middle of the Fifth
century.
It has a central prayer hall bordered by three aisles - on the east, south
and west and along entry hall on the west.
The Torah Ark was placed in front of the north wall opposite a rectangular
bama.
A new decorative mosaic floor with a dedicatory inscription was put down.
An outer staircase on the northwest wall led to a second story balcony.
The Jewish settlement and its Synagogue were destroyed
by fire; sign of which were very evident during the excavation.
A hoard of line-wrapped coins was found in an adjacent building courtyard,
the latest dated to the Emperor Justinian the First (527-565).
Early in his reign, Jews suffered from official persecution.
Argaeologists concluded that the Jewish settlement and its Synagogue were
destroyed in this wave of persecution, in ca. 530 CE.
